Optical Illusions Made of Wood!

Learning about the science behind optical illusions has been one of my favorite parts of this job. More and more, scientists are figuring out WHY optical illusions work on us, utilizing combinations of color, shadow, perspective, and how we process information to create impossible images, illusions of movement, and visual wonders to challenge how we interpret the world.

And I love seeing how people have responded by pushing the boundaries of what we can do with optical illusions. Earlier this year, I wrote about the glitch quilt, a fascinating and eye-wobbling work of brain-melting color play and meticulous execution.

In a world increasingly reliant on computer assistance and push-button AI-fueled shortcuts, there’s something both comforting and immensely charming about glitch quilts being handmade.

So it should come as no surprise to you, fellow puzzler, that I was overjoyed to discover another example of handmade optical illusion crafting… this time, made of wood.

This is the end grain optical illusion cutting board. It appears to bend and swirl and warp as you stare at it, despite being made of straight lines and alternating colors.

Although I discovered it through Obsessed Woodworking, this particular piece is the handiwork of Ryan Hawkins, who has a woodworking YouTube channel where he detailed the elaborate step-by-step process involved in creating this sturdy perspective-twisting delight:

Ryan, to his credit, pointed to another woodworking content creator who supplied the design plans for the cutting board: mtmwood.

mtmwood has numerous examples of handcrafted visual tricky, employing tessellations and tricks of perspective to fool the eye into following intricately laid patterns, and my favorite is easily one that they call the butterfly board:

Employing a similar technique to the optical illusion cutting board, but managing to shape four twisting patterns, is truly impressive and a testament to the hard work, skill, and technique required to bring these stunning pieces to life.

And, as you might expect, this sent me down a YouTube rabbit hole looking for other wooden optical illusions, and there are plenty to choose from.

This is a nicely executed attempt at showing dimension and depth to get us started.

Whereas this one walks us through all the stages of preparing to take a familiar optical illusion from a drawing to a three-dimension form:

I confess, I watched this next one three times in a row, trying to spot the seams:

I could go on and on, but honestly, instead of closing out on the illusions, I’d like to end this celebration of creativity and artisanship with a simple photo showing the preparation and painstaking work it takes to bring these pieces to life.

This is the optical illusion cutting board in its embryonic stage, a lineup of different pieces and thicknesses of wood. All marked and cut with precision, waiting for the next step in assembly. I stare at this picture, and consider every mark, every cut, every spin of the table saw’s blade as the creator runs piece after piece after piece through those whirling metal teeth, each of them perfect and crisp.

It’s a remarkable thing to ponder, and a joy to watch in both progress and in final realization. I’m glad I could share that with you today.

Happy puzzling, everyone!

A Puzzle Party for Reproductive Justice!

There’s a long history of activism and advocacy through puzzles. Women of LettersGrids for GoodQueer Qrosswords, These Puzzles Fund Abortion… these are just a few prominent examples of constructors and creators donating their time and puzzly efforts to benefit the world at large.

And the wonderful team at Frontera Fund are using puzzles to help raise awareness next Thursday, May 8th with their Puzzle Party event!

Cactus Valley Art in Harlingen, Texas, will be hosting the event.

There will be puzzles, community support, and discussions of the modern abortion access landscape and the challenges involved in ensuring that women and those assigned-female-at-birth have the support and resources they need.

This is a wonderful way to help get the word out. I hope that you’ll participate in the event, either by attending in person, by following through social media, or by donating to the cause!


I’d also like to take the opportunity to shout out These Puzzles Fund Abortion 5 . This year marks the fifth edition of the project, collecting 23 puzzles centered around social and reproductive justice themes, all for a minimum donation of $25.

If you donate $50 or more, you will also receive the puzzle packs for the previous four years of TPFA.

Whether you support Frontera Fund or the five important charities involved in These Puzzles Fund Abortion, I thank you for your time, your donations, and your participation in helping protect and provide healthcare for others.

Together, puzzlers can change the world.

A Rhyming Puzzle For You!

One of my favorite memes is “You’ve heard of Elf on a Shelf, now…”

Inspired by the family-friendly surveillance toy that took the world by storm, this meme (which dates back to 2016!) gives you the format of “elf on a shelf” and sets you up with a little visual puzzle to solve.

The image above, for instance, gives you Shrek on a deck!

And this one gives us Grogu on a snowshoe!

Now, my Photoshop skills are pretty much nonexistent, but my cluing skills are fairly sharp, so I’ve opted to create a bunch of clues for you.

All you have to do is come up with an “elf on a shelf”-style rhyme that fits the clue.

Ready? Here we go!


Grumpy person on a sofa

Golf helper in a rice field

Magical boy atop an aquatic mammal

Tucker or Turner on an award

Female scientist on a panel

Mythical creature on a pitcher

Alcoholic drink poured over Mr. Morris or Mr. Levi

Public defender on an excursion

Chewy candy at a steak/lobster restaurant

Food storage atop a crane

Ruse involving a pastry store

Greater attention to detail regarding a coup asea

Prodigious author atop a candy egg

Infectious agent atop an old thin writing surface

Distress call regarding a check

Building material atop a musician or a whale

Camel located in cafeteria

Ball of air atop a device in space

Plants growing on industrial devices

Guide to freedom atop a horse-drawn ride

A Gibb brother on a cleaning device

Famed magician atop a sandwich

Autocratic rule in the Iberian peninsula

Arthropod atop a city transport terminal

Sports official atop an ape


These last few are a little tougher, good luck!

French poet using federal health insurance

Correction for a stitch

My French brother atop ceramics

“The Wolf of Wall Street” star in Arab city

Old-fashioned person in a gory home office


How many did you get? Did any stump you? Let me know in the comments below!

Anagram Cluing: Hiding in Plain Sight!

I’ve got anagrams on the brain today.

The Puzzmo mini crossword is always accompanied by notes from the constructor and the editor. The comments from yesterday’s puzzle centered around anagrams, since the mini had not only an anagram in the theme entries — MAORI and MARIO — but actually had the word ANAGRAMMED crossing those entries.

In those comments, both Will Eisenberg and Brooke Husic discussed a really playful subset of cluing involving misdirection.

You give the solver an anagram, but present it is as a statement, rather than just saying “ABLE, to BALE.” When done properly, it takes a second for your brain to actually register the anagram, even though it’s right in front of you!

Will used the example “Ancients, for instance,” which cleverly employs the standard crossword trope of “for example / for instance / for one / e.g.” to conceal the anagram. Brooke had another banger example, offering “Anemone, to name one.”

I delved into the archives on Xwordinfo to look for other examples of this misdirection cluing style, and I found some fun ones. (Obviously, ANAGRAM isn’t an incredibly common entry, but I was genuinely surprised by the variety of options that awaited me in the archives.)

Back in 2011, Oliver Hill and Eliza Bagg gave us “Neo, for one,” which is such an effective misdirect than I can imagine writing the wrong answer more than once in the grid before realizing the trick, since this sort of clue is used so often for things like HERO or ROLE.

Other constructors phrased their anagrams as if they were slang or specialized jargon, leading solvers down the garden path while showing off their own impressive anagramming talents.

  • Ryan McCarty and Nelson Hardy gave us “Schoolmaster for the classroom, e.g.”
  • Margaret Saine offered “Illustration for an ill tourist?”
  • Sam Trabucco crafted “Nerd’s epithet for the president?”
  • Bryant White presented “Coasters for Socrates, e.g.”

Naturally, cryptic crossword or British-style crossword solvers probably suss out these clues faster, since this sort of stealthy wordplay is standard in cryptic cluing, where clues are written out like sentences, rather than the more direct cluing typically used in American crosswords. (Cryptic crossword icons Emily Cox and Henry Rathvon had one ANAGRAM clue in the Xwordinfo archives, the elegant “Broadcast of bad actors, e.g.”

Some constructors take it even further, employing the age-old trick of apropos anagrams for celebrities.

The Simpsons helped popularize knowledge of this game when Lisa learned that ALEC GUINNESS anagrams into GENUINE CLASS. Another famous one is CLINT EASTWOOD anagramming to OLD WEST ACTION. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE aptly anagrams to FLIT ON, CHEERING ANGEL.

Patrick Merrell employed this nicely with his clue for ANAGRAM, “Horrid glances from Charles Grodin?”

I could go on and on listing examples, but Patrick’s clue is hard to top.

I’m obviously a huge fan of misdirection clues, so it was a joy to deep-dive into a different genre of cluing and watch clever people work their magic. Hopefully you enjoyed taking this puzzly stroll with me.

Happy puzzling, everyone!

Farewell, Ann.

The puzzle world is a relatively small one, and sadly, it grew smaller a few weeks ago, as friend of the blog Ann Santoro passed away.

Born July 26, 1936, Ann’s love of language and learning was evident throughout her life. She earned a Bachelor’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Master’s degree from Cornell. She became a teacher herself, specializing in both English and Latin.

Penny Press’s owner Peter Kanter remembers discussing Latin with Ann:

I was always fascinated and impressed by Ann’s knowledge of the classics. She translated ancient Greek to Latin, and back. For a while I was on a Latin kick based on Ann’s example. Ann recommended a Latin primer and told me I should just get at it. She had no airs or pretensions about her hobby or her erudition. She made everything very matter of fact. She also told me her favorite translator of Homer. I think it was Lattimore or Lombardo.

I made a few half-hearted gestures at finding a Latin teacher; I got the Latin primer and I got the Lattimore and Lombardo translations. But I never did much with them. In the end I concluded that that was best left to Ann!

After her teaching career, Ann went on to work for Penny Press, where she was a fixture for decades, rising to the title of Senior Editor.

In fact, she was with the company for so long that there was a bit of a debate regarding when she actually started! Her “official” hire date is marked as 11/8/1976, but it’s more likely that she was freelancing for the company before then. I firmly believe she started back in 1974, meaning she spent fifty years coordinating and correcting pretypes for the company, shaping generations of puzzle editors.

And her pretypes were the stuff of legend. When she wasn’t schooling me on the differences between transitive and intransitive verbs, she was demanding verification of any slang or phrases she couldn’t find in reputable sources.

As Annamarie Spero of Penny Press pointed out:

Ann knew the rules of grammar forward and back. As a senior editor, she didn’t just point out an error; she explained why it was wrong so that editors could learn from mistakes and hone their skills, the hallmark of a good teacher.


In one of my favorite interactions with her, where we disagreed on the spelling of DeMille (Agnes de Mille uses two words, while Cecil B. DeMille uses one), she grew so exasperated with my spelling that she provided the incredible notation “SEE HIS TOMBSTONE.”

I looked up his tombstone and, lo and behold, it backed up my spelling, not hers. (I still have the “SEE HIS TOMBSTONE” note on my bulletin board.)

Of course, being such a stickler for grammar sometimes caused problems. Punny clues that played with language (and wandered outside traditional grammar) often got corrected by her in pretypes… until they were no longer punny OR effective. But with a stet and a chuckle, you moved on with your corrections, inevitably taking a LOT of Ann’s notes to heart.

One correction (regarding actor Emil Jannings) actually lead to a long friendship, as Annamarie Spero explains:

I met the cape-wearing, five-foot-tall powerhouse senior editor during my first year at Penny Press. She reviewed my blurbs for the Word Seek line of puzzle magazines. On one particular occasion, she and a long-time crossword editor were discussing a clue/answer that involved actor Emil Jannings, who co-starred with Marlene Dietrich in 1930’s “The Blue Angel.”

The editor was trying to think of his name and I said it, pronouncing it “AY-mill YAN-ings.” The editor corrected me, pronouncing it “EE-MEAL JAN-ings.” Ann then spoke up and said to the editor, “No, she’s [meaning me] right. It’s AY-mil YAN-ings. He was German.” (And that was the German pronunciation.) Ann was impressed and at that moment, I gained her respect, and we became friends.


Ann balanced her no-nonsense approach to pretypes with a love of learning and new experiences outside of work. In addition to her Latin studies, she shared Chinese cooking classes and jewelry making courses with crossword guru Eileen Saunders, and enjoyed sharing her vast knowledge of classical music with others.

She was also an early adopter of new technology! When e-books emerged into the market, Ann switched from a wholly physical reference library to a mostly digital one, and followed that by digitizing her CDs onto a music server.

Of course, this also led to a misunderstanding in one of my pretypes, when Ann couldn’t verify one of my clues… and turned to Urban Dictionary for explanation. Through tears of laughter, I explained why Urban Dictionary might not be the best resource for verification, and from that point on, Ann stuck to the more legitimate recommendations from Onelook.com.


Ann was uncompromising, fiercely opinionated, and keenly observant of the world around her. She made every puzzle magazine she touched better, and she educated a lot of solvers and editors alike along the way.

It’s so easy to imagine that she carried all the answers you’d ever need in her ubiquitous giant purse. Or, as Peter Kanter hoped, a copy of her favorite translation of Homer’s works.

There will truly never be another Ann Santoro. Ann, we’ll miss you.


Please forgive the delay in finalizing this post.

It took longer than usual to write, not only because I wanted to make sure I captured as much of Ann’s unique spirit as possible, but also because I wanted to reach out to friends and colleagues, both past and present, to share their thoughts about Ann.

Thank you to all the kind folks at Penny Press and beyond who shared their memories and anecdotes of Ann with me, and all of you, today.

Let’s Talk Puzzle Codes!

Puzzly information is concealed in all sorts of ways. Rephrasings, anagrams, riddles, puns… these are all ways to challenge solvers by hiding information in plain sight.

But puzzle codes are one of the most prominent techniques… and one of the most ways to do so.

Codes in puzzles come in all shapes and sizes. And if you’re venturing beyond the confines of crossword-style puzzling, you’re bound to encounter a coded puzzle from time to time.

So, to better equip you for your puzzly sojourns in the future, today we’ll be breaking down a few common ways puzzles get encoded!


Letter Replacement

This is what you’ll see in your standard Cryptogram puzzle. Each letter in a quotation has been replaced with a different letter, and you need to notice utilize patterns, punctuation clues, and context in order to unravel what the letters in front of you truly represent.

For example:

Guvf vf n frperg zrffntr. Jryy, yrff frperg guna vg hfrq gb or, fvapr lbh’er nyzbfg svavfurq qrpbqvat vg.

Now, the order of letter replacement is usually randomized, but sometimes, a letter shift cipher has been applied. A letter shift cipher (like ROT13) means that there is a pattern to the letter replacement, rather than the randomness of traditional Cryptograms.

For example, A is actually M, B is actually N, and so on. Once you recognize the pattern, filling in the rest of the quote is easy.


Alphanumeric

After Letter Replacement, this is the most common style of coded puzzle. And like Letter Replacement codes, Alphanumeric puzzles can either be randomized or have a pattern.

For the former, each letter has been randomly assigned a number, and you need to figure out which number represents which letter. Our friends at Penny Dell Puzzles have a puzzle called Codewords that employs this code quite effectively:

By using a crossword-style or cryptic crossword-style grid, you can use letter repetition, placement, and frequency to figure out which letters go where.

But there are also alphanumeric puzzles that are not randomized. In these, each letter is replaced by the number that represents its order in the alphabet. A is 1, B is 2, all the way to Z is 26.

You can create a devious little puzzle by writing out a message, replacing each letter with its alphanumeric counterpart, and then jamming all the numbers together without spacing. Now the solver must figure out if that’s a 12 OR a 1 and a 2 next to each other.

For example:

25152118575202091477151541203154541621262612519225208919161591420

or, for a slightly easier version:

251521185 7520209147 715154 120 315454 1621262612519 225 208919 161591420

There are also puzzles that rely on older telephone keypads, where each digit represented several letters of the alphabet. 2 is ABC, 3 is DEF, all the way to 9 is WXYZ.

So each number in the sequence can represent three or four possible letters, and you need to puzzle out the message.


Coded Math

Letter Replacement can also work in reverse, where numbers in an equation have been replaced with letters, and you need to figure out which letter represents what number. Sometimes you’ll see this with a long-division problem (often employing 10 different letters to represent the digits 0-9).

Other times, it’s more of a logic puzzle where several equations are listed in sequence, like A + C = 10 and C – B = 4, and you must use the relationships provided to figure out what letters represent what numbers.

Another variation is combining Cryptogram-style letter replacement with logic puzzles. Imagine a 3×3 grid with equations overlapping, and all of the missing numbers are two, three, or four digits, but replaced with letters instead. This is called a Cross Arithmetic. Could you solve it?


Letter Blanks

Excluding letters from a word is also an effective way to create a puzzly code for someone.

There can be a pattern, like each word missing its center letter. (And then all the missing letters spell out a message).

Or perhaps there’s a pattern to the letters missing from several words (like a letter pair or a smaller word that’s been extracted from each incomplete word).

Or maybe there are multiple blanks in a word, and you need to figure out which letter fills every blank.


These are some of the codes and methods of obfuscation you’ll encounter in variety crosswords. How did you do? Did you unravel them all?

(Originally I was going to conclude this entry with Cryptic Crossword-style cluing, which is written in a coded language all its own, but I think that topic deserves a full blog post of its own.)

Happy puzzling, everyone!